Political Issues In Russia - 1071 Words

Russian Federation has a long and interesting history. Many different events the structure and development of the country. Nowadays, Russia plays one of the most important roles in our world. Russia is located at the intersection of different cultures and contains multinational population and ethno-cultural diversity. Russia is an interesting country to discuss its issues of ethnicity and religion, try to predict the future development and economics of the country. How different country’s issues such as class distinction, equity and equality, race, religion, nationalism and other political variables are solved or considered by the state at least. The main goal of this work is to show weaknesses and struggles which Russia faces on the road†¦show more content†¦After replaces of all these phases, transitions and links between phases, humankind would try to reform itself and improve itself to achieve a better world to live in for everyone. The first phase which Marx desc ribed in his work was called primitive or tribal-communism when humans lived in small communities or tribes and lived a quasi-communistic existence. The main idea of that society was to share their work and resources were. The main decisions for a tribe were made together or communally. During the ancient period, the first societies, for example, the Roman Empire, were based on ownership of land and control of labor It was a hierarchical system. Its noble classes, or we could say the class who ruled the state, used slave labor, At that time, slavery wasnt based on the race, prisoners of military conquests mainly or people who could not pay debts became slaves mainly. This phase was called the slavery phase. After the slavery phase, there was feudalism. It existed during medieval times when kings and lords ruled and owned the land. They gave some parts of their lands to their peasant farmers and let them live and take care about it, these peasants served their lords and kings, for e xample, they return their obedience, tributes and military service. Capitalism was the next phase. It is an industrialized system that appeared and was developed in the 18th century after industrialShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Political Change On Russia1277 Words   |  6 PagesHow significant was war in bringing about political change in Russia in the year 1856-1964? War had a huge political impact on Russia from 1856 to 1964, but it was not the only factor that brought about political change. Political change was influenced by many aspects. A big part of what brought about political change was the different wars that took place which included; The Crimean war of 1853, The Russo-Japanese war of 1904 and lastly the First World War that began in 1914. These Wars were allRead MoreRelations Between Russia And The United States914 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered what it would be like to own and operate a business in Russia? As Americans, we pretty much know the ins and outs of business there us operations in the United States, even if one has never owned a business; it is already implied. What are the key differences in business between Russia and the United States? Politics in business is apparent in America, but what about in Russia? To what extent does the Russian government interfere in business, if at all? The laws of businessRe ad MoreCorruption Of The Russian Government1606 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Over the past decade (from 2004 to 2014), political corruption in Russia government is gradually uncovered by some global medias and organizations. 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Russians in general have a culturally deep desire to root their business, personal and political relationships in stable ground. This desire is expressed not only in their value for relationshipRead Morefrench essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe outbreak in Russia 1905? The Russo-Japanese war took place in 1904 to 1905 and began because of both Russia and Japans desire to expand their borders into places such as Korea. During this war, Russia was humiliated and had many defeats from a country which were considered to be inferior. The defeat of this war humiliated the people of Russia and therefore lost confidence in Nicholas II. Russia’s defeat in the war also caused problems in the Military, economic and political problems. This thenRead MoreHow Effective Is Vladimir Putins Power Vertical?1819 Words   |  7 PagesHow effective is Vladimir Putin’s power vertical? The first thing that should be taken into account when evaluating the Russian political system - is pronounced personification of power. The Russian system has not so much institutional as personalistic character. This feature is deeply rooted in the historical tradition since the days of autocracy. Personality of the monarch was putting a distinct imprint on the character of the reign - not only on its direction (variation of reformism and conservatism)Read MoreKosovos Status Legitimacy 1690 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy. By the turn of the century Russia was beginning to demonstrate several signs that hinted at a healthy democracy was beginning to emerge. These signs included such promising practices as the public debate of policy issues, a healthy competition of political parties, a variety of opinions presented by the media, a strong community of regional governors, and an expanding community of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) (Russia 2005). Although many of these politica l institutions and their leaders

Deontology And Utilitarianism Values And Society First...

Nahoum Abara Dr. Byron Willist PP-110-B 2/10/2015 Deontology and Utilitarianism – Values and Society First Essay Philosophy consists of two major theories which aim to deny and validate moral rules and principles: deontology and utilitarianism ethics. These two perspectives give philosophy its wide range of concepts and decisions to frame our lives, giving structure to what we believe is right and wrong. More often than not, these concepts bring argument to what has already been set in stone by tough, controversial philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham due to the nature of the topics and sensitivity they cause. In this essay, I look to discuss the trolley example in relation to deontology and utilitarianism; what each of these concepts tells us about the best way to behave in the example, and concluding with which concept is right? I will begin with a theoretical situation to further help my definition of these two concepts and the strong opinions the philosophers would have, before applying them to the trolley example for a clear, concise understanding; A man brings his sick, innocent son to the hospital only to be devastated by the horrifying news that his son has been diagnosed with a life threatening disease, with doctors sure that he will only have days to live devoid of treatment by X medicine. However, the unfortunate catch is that this miracle X medicine costs one trillion dollars, rendering the man unable to do anything. Without hesitation,Show MoreRelatedConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesethics, consequentialism, and deontology. 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To come up with an answer to the age old question of what is better for business Utilitarianism, Deontology or something else? These two main ethical concepts rule almost all decisions made by companies nowadays. The paper is structured so that first it analyses Utilitarianism and compares it to Deontology by first defining the ethical terms based on current literatures, and laterRead MoreUtilatarian, Deontology and Vir tue Ethics1618 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is defined as ethic based on consequences. An act, either it is morally wrong or good is acceptable as long as the end outcome is greater. In this essay on utilitarianism, I would argue Peter Singer’s calculus preferences, equality is for all living being but sacrificing one for greater good is plausible. Counter argument of Immanuel Kant’s moral deontology claim, it is immoral to consider a human being as a means to an end. John Mills’ actions are right as long they promote happinessRead MoreThe Theory Of The Media2438 Words   |  10 Pagessupport controversy, and advertise. Within this essay the application of the three classical theories: utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethnics; and the three alternative perspectives relativism, emotivism, and ethnical egoism will depict the actions, responsibly, and goal of the media. Due to the fact that the media extends to millions of people, â€Å"majority rules† is the best way to control how and what is distributed by the media. Utilitarianism is the theory that is based on emotions by supportingRead MoreEthics : Ethical Theories, Utilitarianism, And Virtue Ethics1977 Words   |  8 Pagesethical theories we’ve examined, Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics. This essay will address two of the three major ethical theories, Utilitarianism and Deontology. Utilitarianism applied to business is the ethical approach that focuses on the consequences. 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After that, the ethical needs, problems and limitations of work organizations will have to be examined so that the different theories can be evaluated in thisRead MoreWhich Theory of Ethics Do You Believe to Be Most Accurate or Useful in2848 Words   |  12 PagesThe object of this essay is to establish whether there is an ethical theory that can be successfully applied to business organisations. In order to answer this question, it is necessary first to define the major ethical theories, which are utilitar ianism, deontology and virtue ethics, before determining whether there are any other options. After that, the ethical needs, problems and limitations of work organisations will have to be examined so that the different theories can be evaluated in this

Three Reasons Why I Love my Father, the Seafarer free essay sample

Affectionate. Humble. Resilient. I somehow believe that these three words can craft a man like Superman, not literally as a hero but someone you can idolize and be proud of. But where in this world I can find him? Is he on land, in air or at sea? To tell you, I know a man who is exactly the same to whom I describe and with all honesty, I have already found him. Next to God, he is an iconic man every child wants to have. Without much more explanations, he is undeniably my DADDY. I am really grateful that he is my father. It seems I’m fortunate and blessed to have in my life. Though he is not always in my side because he is a seafarer, he never let me feel that he is far away. Time and distance never became a barrier in our communication instead they became the bridges between our gap. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Reasons Why I Love my Father, the Seafarer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My father’s love to me has made its way towards my heart. From the deck of the ship, across the sea up to the area where I am located, my father successfully delivers the warmth of his presence. Even he cannot express it through actions, he never get tired telling to me how much he loves me as his son. There are no weeks or months that he fails to call or send me a message. Some time when he calls, I can hear that he is still working through the clang of the chains and the noise produced by pounding off the rust, yet he can still manage to call me though he is busy but the sincerity of his voice is still there and it is already enough to make me realize that he is a loving daddy. When he comes home, it gives me a chill of fright and excitement. You know why? He turns our serene house into a loud yet joyous one. He plays his old favourite boring songs from his laptop in the maximum volume from morning until evening. It hurts my ears- that‘s what I fear. And what excites me is that we are having this sing-along competition between the two of us, wherein we are vying to get a perfect score of 100 and whoever gets lower than this will be the one to wash the dishes. It’s challenging, right? That is why I really prepare my vocal chords when he says he’ll go home. I haven’t defeated him yet. But I promise I will make it next time. In addition, we also play computer games and have a little time for biking together and when we get tired of these routines, we go out shopping which makes daddy clamour to the stuffs and foods I buy. During these moments, all the years of my longing for my father have been fulfilled and our bond has sufficed his previous absences. He really exerts his utmost effort to show and express his love. Usually, when I wake up, I am already leaning on his arm, and then he will squeeze me tight and kiss my head several times. I think he is paying back every second he was not with me but he doesn’t know that even he will do nothing; his presence is already too much to me because he’s the man of love. Mainly, when we hear the word â€Å"seafarer†, we tend to picture out a wealthy fat man, dressed in fine suit and adorned with gold and silver accessories in his body. He lives with his family in a mansion, where number of cars are on the garage and enjoys bountiful delicacies every meal. But don’t include my father in the list because he is definitely different from any other seafarer.I admit he is fat, but he is dressed in simplicity and only a single gold ring dwells in his finger. We are living in a small concrete house, bicycles are our cars and we eat typical foods every day. We are living away from luxury yet contented. My father grew up without a golden spoon in his mouth. He experienced the pangs of hunger and hardship. And what he enjoys right now is because of his perseverance and steadfastness. For him, bragging himself is just a waste of time- it is not in his personality. Thus, he is the man of humility. Lastly, my daddy is the man of resilience. In what way? Living almost of your life in the ocean away from family has not been an easy task to most of the seafarers. Some retire or worse is some quit because of emotional effects brought by loneliness and absences of loved ones. But my father is different. He may tell as sometimes that he misses us and wants to be with us but still he never stops sailing and dreaming for us. He never let his weakness bring him down to his knees. He gives us the life where we will not suffer. I know, we are his source of courage. He is a true seafarer that whatever waves of circumstances or storms of difficulties hinder his voyage, he will bravely conquer it and hiding from it will never be his solution. Superman is real. He exists in this world but this time he is not capable to fly above the clouds yet he can be either on land or at sea. Superman is my father, the living epitome of love, humility and resilience. He is the man woven by these three qualities, resembling a true blooded hero- a real seafarer. I love him not because of what he has but because of who he is and I would gladly become his sidekick along his journey. May fair winds be upon his sail! Affectionate, humble and resilient- that’s undeniably my DADDY.

The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example

The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Harper Lee uses the character of Atticus Finch as a mouthpiece for many of her moral ethics in her novel. He plays many roles within the novel; primarily as a father, then as a highly principled man, a respected citizen of a small town community, and finally as a lawyer trying to do his job as well as he can. As a father, Atticus is meticulous in the way he raises his children. He ensures that all the things that he wishes them to learn, in terms of morality, are always practised by himself and those around his children. For example, he gives Calpurnia the same amount of authority over the children as Atticus himself. This is portrayed when Scout grumbles about the epic and one-sided battles with Calpurnia, which Calpurnia always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side. Through this, we see that he has no feelings of inferiority toward the black community, and he treats them just the same as all other humans. As Scout and Jem have always grown up in her company, they grow up understanding that race and colour do not make any difference to the nature of any human being. We will write a custom essay sample on The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He is also very concerned about the messages his children receive from everyone around and also from himself. This is shown when he is very reluctant to show the children his expertise with the shotgun, as he does not want them to think that courage is a man with a gun. He sends his own son to Mrs. Dubose, who is constantly critical of him, as he wants Jem to experience real courage as he has such a great respect for her courageous fight against her morphine addiction. He still goes in to see her, treats her courteously and always sweep[s] off his hat [and] wave[s] gallantly as he goes past. He brings up his children in a very liberal way, allowing them to openly question him about almost anything. He also allows them to form their own opinions, never forcing them to believe the same as him, but carefully coaxing and directing them towards the right thoughts and ideas. His theories on the way children should be raised are very different from others in his time, even to his own sisters, as they are known to have conflicting views. At one point, Scout finds him telling Aunt Alexandra I do the best I can. Atticus treats his children as more mature than other parents with children of the same age might. He is very open with them about the reasons for his fighting Tom Robinsons case, when many other adults would tell their children that they are not old enough to understand. Atticus thinks that it is better to simplify the situations a little and try to let them understand. He explains to Scout if I didnt, I couldnt hold my head up in townI couldnt even tell you or Jem not to do something again. This shows that he is willing to trust Scout although she is still young. He is exceptionally good at handling his children, because he seems to know how they think, and understands them. For example, during his conversation with Uncle Jack Atticus is fully aware that Scout is listening to every word that he is saying, and he seizes the opportunity to let Scout know some things that he would not otherwise be able to convey to her. He lets her know that he wants her to trust him and to come to [him] for [her] answers instead of listening to the town. Atticus also understands the importance of an education for his children, and he ensures that his children are well educated by assuring that they both go to school even when they do not want to. He has always made reading and books accessible to the children as Jem says Scout yonders been readin since she was born and Scout backs this up by saying I never loved to read. One does not love breathing. Both quotations indicate that reading is a very natural thing, and something that they are very accustomed to doing. The importance Scout places on her ability to read is made apparent on her first day at school, when the idea that she may no longer read leaves her feeling distraught. Again, Atticus intervenes, allaying her fears by reaching a compromise If youll concede the necessity to go to school, well go on reading every night just as we have. This is also an example of Atticus treating his children as equals as opposed to inferiors as he is willing to compromise with Scout, he does not dictate what will happen, he allows her to be a part of the decision making process. Atticus Finch is devoted to his children, and is determined to protect them all the way through the novel. The welfare of his children seems to be his only worry in taking on Tom Robinsons case. We realise his worries when he confides in his brother Jack, saying I hope and pray I can get Jem and Scout through this without bitterness He also tries to impress this fact upon Scout by imploring her to remember that were fighting our friends. But remember this, no matter how bitter things get, theyre still our friends and this is still our home. Scout and Jem both hold Atticus in great respect, and his words had so great an impact on Scout that dropped [her] fists and walked away from a fight for the first time as she could not bear to disappoint her father. He is very obviously respected by his children, but not always fully appreciated. Scout and Jem find it very hard to believe that their father can have any skills due to his age as Scout says that Atticus was feeble; he was nearly fifty. This lack of knowledge about his skills is shown in another of Scouts comments to Miss Maudie, Atticus cant do anything. This shows that although the children love and respect him greatly, they still find him lacking in at least one way. This opinion of hers is quickly dispelled by Miss Maudie, who is quick to spring to Atticuss defence trying to show that although Atticus is older than the parents of many of their peers, he is still a versatile man with many talents. As she is so persistent with her defence, it shows that Atticus is not only respected by his children but also by those around him and within his community. Miss Maudie has a great respect for Atticus, as do many people in the town. Atticus is respected all through Maycomb, by people from all the social statuses, for example at the end of the trial, when Atticus leaves, the entire black balcony show their respect for him by getting to their feet as their fathers passing. When the Finches return home they found the kitchen table was loaded with food enough to bury the whole family as tokens of appreciations from the black community. Many others within the community show Atticus a great deal of respect. For example, Judge John Taylor thinks so much of him that he pointed at him and said Youre it. Even within his community, although he is highly respected, he seems to represent a minority. He seems to be known for his controversial views as his [being] chosen to defend that buy was no accident. This comment suggests that Judge Taylor knew that the greatest chance he could give Tom Robinson was to give him a lawyer like Atticus Finch, who would truly believe in his case and try to fight the case so thoroughly that Tom Robinson might have a chance for acquittal. Through the novel, although Atticus portrays many of Harper Lees main ethical points, he does not reveal his real skills at his profession until almost the end of the book. We are given a miniscule glimpse of his lawyer side, when Jem realises he had been done by the oldest lawyers trick on records. But his talent for his job is truly revealed in the court scene where he delivers a compelling case, with an even more compelling speech to conclude. And from these, it is plain to see that this case affects him personally. Also in his closing speech, Atticus unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosened his tie, and took off his coat; all things that Scout never saw him do, before or since. This shows that he seemed to make an exception for this case, as it is important to him. Through the court case, we see Atticuss skilful cross-examination of each witness. As he asks each question, he already seems to know the answer even before it is said. This allows him to set out his case in a logical and methodical manner, thereby leaving no reasonable doubt in anyones mind about the case. One can tell that Atticus is devoted to his job, as he seems to have an answer to every possible reason for Tom Robinsons conviction. Also, one can see a great deal about Atticuss nature in the way he treats his witnesses. For example, he treats Mayella Ewell with a great deal of respect. He does not try to intimidate any of his witnesses. He knows that he can make his case purely with the power of truth. This is shown in many ways, for example, he is normally sitting down when he questions his witness. This implies that he does not feel the need to overpower his witnesses and pressure them in any way. Atticus does not seem to think that any of the witnesses are inferior to the others; he gives them all the same amount of respect and courtesy. Whereas Mr Gilmer refers to Bob and Mayella as Mister and Miss Ewell, but he refers to Tom as boy showing that he feels that Tom is inferior to him. Atticus treats all of his witnesses as equal, he does not give Tom Robinson more respect just because he is fighting the case for him. Although Atticus plays a very important role in the development of the plot in To Kill a Mockingbird, he also embodies many of Harper Lees philosophies and moral views about life. Throughout the novel, Atticus remains steadfast in holding on to the things he believes to be correct while still respecting other peoples views. For example, he is always extremely courteous to Mrs. Dubose although she is constantly criticising him for his beliefs and actions. Atticus also tries to teach Scout the simple yet profound lesson that you never really understand a person until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Through the novel, he himself seems to adhere to this philosophy, and because he lives through his philosophies, he never becomes too judgemental or moralistic. All through the novel, Atticus maintains that although every other person may not believe in his cause, he must still persevere in working towards it. He feel that Simply because [they were] licked a hundred years before [they] started is no reason for [them] not to try to win. He feels that as he fights Tom Robinsons case, he is moving his community towards justice. This tiny movement is explained to Jem and Scout by Miss Maudie who said, Were making a step- its just a baby step, but its a step. Atticus is very self-assured and he never doubts himself, and is confident enough to tread his own path even if it is directly contradictory to those who he admires or respects. Also, although his opinions may conflict with other peoples, Atticus can still see the better side in them, and respect them for their qualities, while allowing them their own viewpoint without trying to make them change their minds. Throughout the novel, one important facet of Atticuss character is revealed to us, another of his philosophies through which he lives his life. He is a man who always sticks to what he believes, no matter what the company, situation or consequences. He has a very strong conscience, which does not allow him to be two faced in any way. He says that he could not live one way in town and another way in my home. Through this, he shows that although his work and personal life is separate, he himself will not change, as he cannot be two faced. One of the important ideas of the novel is first proposed by the title, then expanded, and clarified by Atticus is the idea that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. Atticus only mentions this in the passing, but it contains a very important message, which Atticus wishes to convey to his children. He uses it as both a metaphor and as a literal statement as it is brought up when the children are learning to shoot. He tries to open their eyes to all those such as Tom Robinson and Boo Radley, who dont eat up peoples gardensdont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee reminds us that one of the main themes of this book is prejudice, in any of its forms. Atticus himself comes across as a man with little or no preconceptions and prejudices of his own. His views on the prejudice so prominent in his society were very contrary to most peoples at the time of the novels publication (only two years after the Civil Rights Act was passed, and the year the Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated). Through the development of the novel, we are never told anything about Atticuss religious belief, except that he is a churchgoer. This is very interesting, as religion seems to be quite a controversial topic in Maycomb, with its many different churches. This shows that Atticus, although a religious man, is not blinkered or drawn into prejudice because of it. Although Atticus Finch is a good human being, he too, like all the others has his weaknesses; he cannot comprehend just how evil human beings can be. This is shown when he shrugs of Bob Ewells threat that, hed get him if it took him the rest of his life. He refused to believe that Bob Ewell could pose him or his family danger and this ultimately turns out to be the cause of Jems broken arm. Through the novel, I feel that Atticus Finch provides the solid base upon which Harper Lee builds her story and her develops her ideas. She expresses some intense emotions through him, both in what he says and does. He is a teacher, in many senses, he teaches his children about life, and how to live, his community about their own prejudices and injustices, and most importantly, he teaches us about our world by allowing us an insight into a microcosm in which the injustices are highly emphasised in his fight to eradicate them.

Money Laundering Extract from UNODC Essays

Money Laundering Extract from UNODC Essays Money Laundering Extract from UNODC Essay Money Laundering Extract from UNODC Essay Money Laundering Extract from UNODC BY 24 Money is the prime reason for engaging in almost any type of criminal activity. Money-laundering is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their wealth and protect their asset bases, so as to avoid the suspicion of law enforcement agencies and prevent leaving a trail of incriminating evidence. Terrorists and terrorist organizations also rely on money to sustain themselves and to carry out terrorist acts. Money for terrorists is derived from a wide variety of sources. While terrorists are not greatly concerned with disguising the origin of money, they are concerned with concealing its destination and the purpose for which it has been collected. Terrorists and terrorist organizations therefore employ techniques similar to those used by money launderers to hide their money. The ability to prevent and detect money-laundering is a highly effective means of identifying criminals and terrorists and the underlying activity from which money is derived. The application of ntelligence and investigative techniques can be one way of detecting and disrupting the activities of terrorists and terrorist organizations. Because they deal with other peoples money, financial institutions rely on a reputation for probity and integrity. A financial institution found to have assisted in laundering money will be shunned by legitimate enterprises. An international financial centre that is used for money- laundering can become an ideal financial haven. Developing countries that attract dirty money as a short-term engine of growth can find it difficult, as a consequence, to attract the kind of solid long-term foreign direct investment that is based on stable conditions and good governance, and that can help them sustain development and promote long-term growth. Money-laundering can erode a nations economy by changing the demand for cash, making interest and exchange rates more volatile, and by causing high inflation in countries where criminals are doing business. Most disturbing of all, money-laundering fuels corruption and organized crime. Corrupt public officials need to be able to launder bribes, kick-backs, public funds and, on occasion, even development loans from international financial institutions. Organized criminal groups need to be able to launder the proceeds of drug trafficking and commodity smuggling. Terrorist groups use money-laundering channels to get cash to buy arms. The social consequences of allowing these groups to launder money can be disastrous. Taking the proceeds of crimes from corrupt public officials, traffickers nd organized crime groups is one of the best ways to stop criminals in their tracks. In recent years, the international community has become more aware of the dangers that money-laundering poses in all these areas and many Governments and jurisdictions have committed themselves to taking action. The United Nations and other international organizations are committed to helping them in any way they can. Criminals are now taking advantage of the globalization of the world economy by transferring funds quickly across international borders.

Major General John Sullivan in the American Revolution

Major General John Sullivan in the American Revolution A native of New Hampshire, Major General John Sullivan rose to become one of the Continental Armys most tenacious fighters during the American Revolution (1775-1783). When the war began in 1775, he departed his role as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress to accept as commission as a brigadier general. The next five years would see Sullivan briefly serve in Canada before joining  General George Washingtons army. A veteran of the fighting around New York and Philadelphia in 1776 and 1777, he later held independent commands in Rhode Island and western New York. Leaving the army in 1780, Sullivan returned to Congress and advocated for additional support from France. In his later years he served as Governor of New Hampshire and a federal judge. Early Life Career Born February 17, 1740 in Somersworth, NH, John Sullivan was the third son of the local schoolmaster.   Receiving a thorough education, he elected to pursue a legal career and read law with Samuel Livermore in Portsmouth between 1758 and 1760. Completing his studies, Sullivan married Lydia Worster in 1760 and three years later opened his own practice in Durham. The towns first lawyer, his ambition angered Durhams residents as he frequently foreclose on debts and sued his neighbors. This led the inhabitants of the town to file a petition with the New Hampshire General Court in 1766 calling for relief from his oppressive extortive behavior. Gathering favorable statements from a few friends, Sullivan succeeded in having the petition dismissed and then attempted to sue his attackers for libel. In the wake of this incident, Sullivan did begin to improve his relations with the people of Durham and in 1767 befriended Governor John Wentworth. Increasingly wealthy from his legal practice and other business endeavors, he used his connection to Wentworth to secure a majors commission in the New Hampshire militia in 1772. Over the next two years, Sullivans relationship with the governor soured as he moved increasingly into the Patriot camp. Angered by the Intolerable Acts and Wentworths habit of dissolving the colonys assembly, he represented Durham at the First Provincial Congress of New Hampshire in July 1774. Patriot Chosen as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, Sullivan traveled to Philadelphia that September.   While there he supported the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress which outlined colonial grievances against Britain. Sullivan returned to New Hampshire in November and worked to built local support for the document. Alerted to British intentions to secure weapons and powder from the colonials, he took part in a raid on Fort William Mary in December which saw the militia capture a large quantity of cannon and muskets. A month later, Sullivan was selected to serve in the Second Continental Congress.   Departing later that spring, he learned of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the start of the American Revolution upon arriving in Philadelphia.   Brigadier General With the formation of the Continental Army and selection of General George Washington its commander, Congress moved forward with appointing other general officers. Receiving a commission as a brigadier general, Sullivan departed the city in late June to joined the army at the Siege of Boston. Following the liberation of Boston in March 1776, he received orders to lead men north to reinforce the American troops which had invaded Canada the previous fall.   Not reaching Sorel on the St. Lawrence River until June, Sullivan quickly found that the invasion effort was collapsing. Following a series of reverses in the region, he began withdrawing south and was later joined by troops led by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold. Returning to friendly territory, attempts were made to scapegoat Sullivan for the invasions failure.   These allegations were soon shown to be false and he was promoted to major general on August 9. Captured Rejoining Washingtons army at New York, Sullivan assumed command of those forces positioned on Long Island as Major General Nathanael Greene had fallen ill. On August 24, Washington replaced Sullivan with Major General Israel Putnam and assigned him to command a division. On the American right at the Battle of Long Island three days later, Sullivans men mounted a tenacious defense against the British and Hessians. Personally engaging the enemy as his men were pushed back, Sullivan fought the Hessians with pistols before being captured. Taken to the British commanders, General Sir William Howe and Vice Admiral Lord Richard Howe, he was employed to travel to Philadelphia to offer a peace conference to Congress in exchange for his parole. Though a conference later occurred on Staten Island, it accomplished nothing. Return to Action Formally exchanged for Brigadier General Richard Prescott in September, Sullivan returned to the army as it retreated across New Jersey. Leading a division that December, his men moved along the river road and played a key role in the American victory at the Battle of Trenton. A week later, his men saw action at the Battle of Princeton before moving into winter quarters at Morristown. Remaining in New Jersey, Sullivan oversaw an abortive raid against Staten Island on August 22 before Washington moved south to defend Philadelphia. On September 11, Sullivans division initially occupied a position behind the Brandywine River as the Battle of Brandywine commenced. As the action progressed, Howe turned Washingtons right flank and Sullivans division raced north to face the enemy. Attempting to mount a defense, Sullivan succeeded in slowing the enemy and was able to withdraw in good order after being reinforced by Greene. Leading the American attack at the Battle of Germantown the following month, Sullivans division performed well and gained ground until a series of command and control issues led to an American defeat. After entering winter quarters at Valley Forge in mid-December, Sullivan departed the army in March of the following year when he received orders to assume command of American troops in Rhode Island. Battle of Rhode Island Tasked with expelling the British garrison from Newport, Sullivan spent the spring stockpiling supplies and making preparations. In July, word arrived from Washington that he could expect aid from French naval forces led by Vice Admiral Charles Hector, comte dEstaing. Arriving late that month, dEstaing met with Sullivan and devised an attack plan. This was soon thwarted by the arrival of a British squadron led by Lord Howe. Quickly re-embarking his men, the French admiral departed to pursue Howes ships. Expecting dEstaing to return, Sullivan crossed to Aquidneck Island and began moving against Newport. On August 15, the French returned but dEstaings captains refused to stay as their ships had been damaged by a storm.   As a result, they immediately left for Boston leaving an incensed Sullivan to continue the campaign. Unable to conduct a protracted siege due to British reinforcements moving north and lacking the strength for a direct assault, Sullivan withdrew to a defensive position at the northern end of the island in the hopes that the British might pursue him. On August 29, British forces attacked the American position in the inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island. Though Sullivans men inflicted greater casualties in the fighting the failure to take Newport marked the campaign as a failure. Sullivan Expedition In early 1779, following a series of attacks and massacres on the Pennsylvania-New York frontier by British rangers and their Iroquois allies, Congress directed Washington to dispatch forces to the region to eliminate the threat. After command of the expedition was turned down by Major General Horatio Gates, Washington selected Sullivan to lead the effort. Gathering forces, Sullivans Expedition moved through northeast Pennsylvania and into New York conducting a scorched earth campaign against the Iroquois. Inflicting major damage on the region, Sullivan swept aside the British and Iroquois at the Battle of Newtown on August 29.   By the time the operation ended in September, over forty villages had been destroyed and the threat greatly reduced. Congress Later Life In increasingly ill health and frustrated by Congress, Sullivan resigned from the army in November and returned to New Hampshire. Hailed as a hero at home, he rebuffed the approaches of British agents who sought to turn him and accepted election to Congress in 1780. Returning to Philadelphia, Sullivan worked to resolve the status of Vermont, deal with financial crises, and obtain additional financial support from France. Completing his term in August 1781, he became New Hampshires attorney general the following year. Holding this position until 1786, Sullivan later served in the New Hampshire Assembly and as President (Governor) of New Hampshire. During this period, he advocated for ratification of the US Constitution. With the formation of the new federal government, Washington, now president, appointed Sullivan as the first federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire. Taking the bench in 1789, he actively ruled on cases until 1792 when ill health began to limit his activities. Sullivan died at Durham on January 23, 1795 and was interred his family cemetery.

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Homework - Research Paper Example The company manager must ensure that the best qualified marketers and sales people are in the company to ensure that the company’s assets meet the requirements of the customers. If the particular assets are not in the company, they should ensure that they refer the customers to the right company’s partners who are in the same sphere. When selling the services outside the company’s environment, Better Sms must have qualified sales people and marketers in the field who have an excellent working experience in the same technology field. The team must relate very well with the technical department in that they will be able to advertise the messaging services very clearly and avoid technical mistakes when marketing the services. On the same note, the company should have a determined customer care department to be ready to educate the customers more about the services. Better Sms Ltd has a twenty four seven online customers care that will be communicating with the customers in case of any problem by using the interactive video response method. There are numerous sales methods to be used by the sales person but Better Sms will use the best methods that will fit the company’s services by prospecting the right target for the text messaging and the issuing of the bulky messages. Understanding and getting the right customers for the business is quite a hard task that has a lot of valleys and experiences because it needs patience and tolerance. There is a lot of frustrations in the marketing field of the sales because majorly it is a new service that is being broadcasted in the information and technology world. Just few companies like Better Sms that will educate the sales people on how to prospect the services very effectively. Better Sms will look forward to prospect the services by use of networking while interacting with the

Relationships Between Nursing, Health, and the Policy Processes Article

Relationships Between Nursing, Health, and the Policy Processes - Article Example This is because several laws and policies within the country support abortion. The woman also indicated that her health was in danger because the pregnancy affected her psychological well-being because she conceived under duress. The policy that best typifies the case study is Access to Abortion Services that give women rights to abort. This right allows women to access abortion services, as well as support within health care units. The act also creates access routes, and prohibits derogatory actions such as harassments. Some of the access routes include the health care facilities, physicians’ offices, and other service providers (College of Registered Nurses of British Columbia, 2013). Additionally, individuals receiving abortion services and issuing financial and emotional support are protected. The legalization of abortion has been controversial in the United States for the past 200 years making it difficult for the process to enjoy the protection of the law (Simmonds, 2013). Currently, women in the United States have legal abortions right granted throughout the pregnancy period. Furthermore, the women have the right to abort in almost all situations especially after Supreme Court announced the inc orporation of abortion rights into the constitution. This implies that any lawful barriers that will hinder the females from having abortion are unconstitutional (Abort73.com, 2009). This policy involves the nursing process because the service providers include the nurses who offer the abortion services and care based on the provisions of the act. This means that it is illegal for nurses to refuse to give abortion services to females especially when the circumstances are justifiable. I supported the nurses’ decision in the case study. This is because the elements of the abortion policy contradict religious practices. According to my religion, abortion is sin because it constitutes murder.

Servicing customers in Global market Essay Example for Free

Servicing customers in Global market Essay Servicing customers in Global market Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing communications are the channels used by businesses in the endeavor of persuading, informing and reminding clients about their brands that they sell. Firms can use different promotional tools to reach clients either directly or indirectly. Marketing communication can involve non-personal or personal communication channels. Marketing communication enables firms to acquire new clients for their products by encouraging trial and building awareness. It also enables them retain their clients by supporting their purchase activities by offering supplementary information regarding brand benefits. The rationale of this paper is to compare and contrast different tools of communication and how they use consumer behavior theory successfully to achieve their objectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several items of communication such as website, TV advert, poster, direct mail brochure, billboard and magazine advert. I will focus on television advertising and web marketing. Website is very vital firms marketing policy. Websites help clients to find firms and advertisers brands from those firms. Marketing through website will enable firms to improve their customer care through e-commerce website. Website is a medium where many customers spend a lot of time especially due to technology advancement. Through websites, firms can reach national and international clients in a cost effective manner (Juon Buerkle, 2011). On the other hand, television advertising is another effective tool in a firm’s marketing strategy. Television is a medium where clients spend most considerate time. Report indicates that the average television viewing lasts for about five to six hours. This elaborates why it is used as a gigantic advertiseme nt instrument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television is a significant marketing tool because it offers the greatest possibility for creative advertising. Web advertising and television advertising has a lot of similarities in common, and they also share some differences. They are the marketing strategies that a firm can use to reach large audiences, low cost of advertising, and it is easy to reach a targeted audience through these two approaches. Website advertising is less expensive as compared to television advertisements. In addition, websites can be created with the aim of targeting a particular audience than TV commercials. The two items of marketing are effective, but the one that best fits a given firm will rely on their goals and target market. Firms can also use more than one items of marketing since they support each other. I chose these two items of marketing because they are a giant in advertising media and also giant in advertising costs as well. They have proven thei r capacity to control human activities over and over. Television advertising is mostly used in outbound marketing where firms direct marketing activities at the client. On the other hand, websites are used in inbound marketing where clients search for brands that can meet their needs (Carroll, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firms place their marketing in websites so that clients can find out more regarding brands and services. Website advertising has more flexibility as compared to TV commercials. Television advertising has one objective of convincing clients to buy products, but websites can help firms to reach clients easily as they enjoy other entertaining and educational services. The crucial message to the advertisers willing to use website and television advertising is that they should choose the strategy that matches their goals and their target market. Both website and television advertising are crucial to the firms, and they can be used interchangeably. In other instances, either of the items can help and support other digital strategies used by a firm (Percy, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very vital for firms to understand their customers’ psychology so that they can be able to come up with appropriate strategies that will help them realize their objectives. Consumer behavior is the conduct of clients in regard to using, disposing and acquiring services, experiences, ideas, and products. Consumer behavior also includes use and acquisition of information. Therefore, communication with clients and getting response for them is a vital part of consumer behavior which is every firm’s greatest interest. Consumer psychology is the study of client’s mental processes and behavior. Understanding of theories of customer psychology will help businesses to learn different types of customers. There are various reasons as to why businesses should understand customers. First, customer behavior is very crucial in daily living because people mostly spend a lot of time shopping. Secondly, consumer behavior is signif icant in decision making. For example, while setting prices, firms must consider their clients. In other cases, business decisions might be influenced by expected actions or behavior (Hoyer MacInnis, 2010). Application of consumer behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consumer behavior research can help firms increase their success rate because they will understand their customer’s needs that will enable them to realize profits. Understanding customer behavior will enable businesses to evaluate their strategies because they will be able to understand customer feedback regarding their latest products and services (Hoyer MacInnis, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing application areas of consumer behavior is in; market-opportunity analysis where the firm examine conditions and trends in the marketplace to discover client needs that are not being fully fulfilled. Target market selection is whereby firms wish to discover different groupings of consumers who have exceptional needs. It also involves the assortment of sections that merges firm’s potency and offer enhanced opportunities. The third area of application is marketing-mix determination. It involves creation and implementation a strategy that will ensure delivery of an appropriate combination of need-satisfying characteristics to clients within the target market. Marketing mix involves price, place, promotion and product. Understanding of customer behavior is also required in tactical marketing operations. Successful regulatory strategy in regard of marketing practices calls for an extensive knowledge of consumer behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social marketing also calls for an extensive understanding of customer behavior. Social marketing is where firms apply marketing tactics and strategies to create or alter behaviors that have constructive impact to the target audience or the society in general. Social marketing through websites and television is conducted in endeavors of encouraging environmental friendly behaviors, reduce smoking, encourage timely vaccination of children, reduce activities likely to cause AIDS, reduce substance abuse, encourage charitable organizations among other substantial activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personality is a factor that affects people’s feedback regarding advertisements. It can also happen the other way round where messages from marketing can affect people’s attitudes. Behavioral approach is a strategy which focuses on the measurable and observable features of human conduct. Human behavior can only be analyzed through their reaction, actions and how they conduct themselves. Behavioral approach maintains that personal behavior is affected by their environment. Cognitive behavior assumes that if researchers wish to understand human conduct, they should focus on the internal processes of their mind. Cognitive approach examine how people treat the information they receive and how their treatment result to feedbacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In determining which item to apply for marketing, firms will apply behavioral approach where they will analyze how clients think about either television advertisement or websites. On the other hand, firms will apply cognitive approach while determining how clients will react when they receive messages through television or websites (McLeod, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, there are several items of marketing communication such as website, television advertising, billboard, poster, magazine advert and direst mail brochure. Television advertising is habitually used in outbound marketing where businesses direct marketing activities at the client. On the other hand, websites are commonly used in inbound marketing where clients search for brands that can meet their needs. These two items are very vital in marketing strategy of a firm since they will reach a great number of their target audience at lower cost. Firms should understand customer behavior which will enable them to choose the marketing tool that will fit their customer’s needs. Through appropriate marketing, firms will be able to retain customers, attract new customers by notifying them with the latest information regarding their brands. Firms can also choose to use various items of marketing communication since they help and sup port other marketing mix strategies. There are two approaches in analysis of consumer behavior; behavioral approach and cognitive approach. References Behavioral Approach Behavioral Psychology Psychologist World. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.php Carroll,  J. (2006). Television. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html Hoyer,  W.  D., MacInnis,  D.  J. (2010). Consumer behavior. U.st: South-Western Centage Learning. Juon,  C., Greiling,  D., Buerkle,  C. (2011). Internet marketing, start-to-finish. Indianapolis, IN: Que. Percy,  L. (2008). Strategic integrated marketing communication: Theory and practice. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Source document

Free College Admissions Essays: I can fly a kite :: College Admissions Essays

"I can fly a kite" I can fly a kite, make a great roast beef sandwich, read an entire Patricia Cornwell paperback book in less than a day and change a diaper without flinching. These characteristics combined are what separate me from the hundreds of other students that apply to Lynchburg College, that and the fact that I am applying with only one week left before classes start. Writing this college essay seven days before the start of the spring semester at Lynchburg College is a very unusual move for me to be making; but I have come to the conclusion that this is the only place I want to be. My entire life I have never been spontaneous. All my decisions have been well thought out and planned, this decision is no different, I just went about it a little quicker, with a lot less time to spare. I began my freshman year at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island. Choosing Roger Williams University was a decision that I made without understanding the important issues I needed to consider in orde r to thrive in a college environment. Now, after experiencing college for myself, I realize that Roger Williams does not have what I am looking for. I didn't consider quality of education when I chose Roger Williams, the school had the major I wanted, communications, but when I started taking classes there the program was not as developed as I would have liked. Although I did well in all my classes, I felt that the education I would continue to receive if I stayed at Roger Williams would not be as beneficial to me as the educational oppurtunites elsewhere. Looking at Lynchburg I saw that not only was there Communications Print/Broadcast journalism major, but a Speech Communications major as well. My original plan was to finish freshman year at Roger Williams, and then go someplace that could meet my needs; this was until I visited Lynchburg College. When I saw the college, all I could think of was how much I would love to attend school there, but I never even considered it an option . I thought I was stuck at Roger Williams, until I realized that the only way I was going to be happy was if I made things happen for myself. I realized that Lynchburg College was exactly what I had been looking for, and everything about the educational opportunities, social opportunities, location and just the general environment I observed was something I wanted to be a part of, and contribute to.

Impact of Human Activities on Natural Hazards Essay

Natural hazards are naturally occurring phenomena that have disastrous impact on humanity. These phenomena had been in existence even before the advent of humanity. The hazardous dimension of these natural phenomena are in the context of the impact that such a phenomenon would have on human population in the area affected by that phenomenon. In this essay, the effect that human activity has on these natural hazards would be analyzed. Some human activities may be exacerbating the factors that cause the natural hazard, like the impact of excessive and unplanned logging on floods and droughts. In certain other cases the human activities may cause subsequent or supplementary hazards to a primary hazard event, like building dams in earthquake prone zones may lead to flash floods and landslides in the event of a rupture. A hazard can be defined as an event that has the potential to cause harm. This potential may be on account of its unexpected timing of occurrence or the actual intensity of the event itself. Human societies can withstand these events within a normal scale of occurrence. However, human societies become vulnerable when these events occur unexpectedly or are of an intensity or duration that falls beyond that normal scale (O’Hare and Rivas, 2005). Natural hazards can be broadly classified under the heads of geological, hydrological, climatic and diseases. This essay would limit its scope to analyzing causal relationships, if any, of human activities on landslides, floods and drought and the secondary hazards triggered by those activities in the event of an earthquake. Of all human activities that have a direct or indirect impact on natural hazards, deforestation is by far the most significant. Deforestation is the removal or destruction of forest cover of an area. It may occur due to unscientific logging practices without regeneration and may be accompanied by subsequent conversion to non-forest usage like agriculture, pasture, urban, mining or industrial development, fallow or wetland. At a very broad level, it has been argued that deforestation is a major cause of global climatic changes. It has been predicted that removal of forest cover will lead to violent and unpredictable environmental fluctuations. At a smaller landscape, deforestation has a direct bearing upon the climatic, hydrological, edaphic and biological aspects of that area. Deforestation is associated with higher levels of soil erosion and landslides, sedimentation in river beds and changes in fluvial geomorphology (Haigh, 1984). Quite a few of these effects of deforestation have a direct bearing on the natural hazards that will be covered in this essay. One of the major functions of a forest is to maintain the humidity level in the atmosphere. Trees withdraw groundwater through their roots and transpire the excess water through their leaves. Forests return a major part of the rainfall received by them through evapotranspiration. Annual evapotranspiration in tropical moist lowland forests ranges up to 1500 mm per year, with transpiration accounting for a maximum of 1045 mm per year (Bruijnzeel, 1990). This process of evapotranspiration in the leaves of trees takes the latent heat of evaporation from the surrounding atmosphere. Thus evapotranspiration has a cooling effect on the atmosphere that aids precipitation. Deforestation denies the atmosphere of this cooling effect and is thus a contributing factor to lowering of annual rainfall in an area. Further, the effects of deforestation generally compound the severity of drought. Lack of trees translates to the lack of root fibers that hold the topsoil. In the event of a drought, the topsoil flakes and gets blown by the wind, leading to severe dust storms. This phenomenon had devastated the American Great Plains for close to a decade in 1930s. The dust bowl covered farming areas in Colorado, Kansas, north west Oklahoma, north Texas and north east New Mexico. The fertile soil of the plains was exposed due to lack of vegetation cover and actions of the plow. These farming techniques that led to severe soil erosion, coupled with prolonged periods of extremely low rainfall, led to a series of severe dust storms that ranged up to the Atlantic coast. Much of the fertile topsoil was lost in the Atlantic (Cartensen et al. , 1999). Direct causal relationship between human activity and drought is yet to be conclusively established. However, there are studies available that point to a positive correlation between the two. For example, climate-modeling studies have indicated that the 20th century Sahel drought was caused by changing sea surface temperatures. These changes were due to a combination of natural variability and human induced atmospheric changes. The anthropogenic factors in this case were rise in greenhouse gas levels and aerosols (GFDL Climate Modeling Research Highlights, 2007). The effect of human activities like deforestation is rather more direct and pronounced in case of hydrological hazards like fluvial floods. Fluvial floods occur when the discharge of a river exceeds its bankfull capacity. Forests create deep, open textured soils that can hold large quantities of water. When the forest cover is removed through logging, the soil becomes compacted. More rainwater is converted to runoff or near surface flow and less proportion percolates as groundwater. Research has shown significant increase in monthly runoff following logging activities (Rahim and Harding, 1993). The runoff rainwater carries with it considerable amounts of loose soil particles. Removal of vegetation cover through excessive logging activities or overgrazing leaves the soil bare. In such a situation, the upper layer of the soils becomes susceptible to erosion by surface runoff. These suspended soil particles are deposited on the riverbeds. The effect of this type of soil erosion by surface runoff is even more pronounced when the deforestation happens in the riparian zones as well.

How do religious believers respond to challenges posed to them by scientists? Essay

Challenges to religious belief started around the time of the renaissance, before this the Church had almost complete control over people’s views, although criticisms were present. Since the only literate people were generally monks or priests for a considerable amount of time, challenges to religion were dismissed. However gradually times changed and with them so did attitudes. Although there were other arguments of a more philosophical and theological nature beforehand Galileo’s idea of heliocentricity was one of the first arguments to challenge religion in a way it had never been challenged before; scientifically. The idea that our world was the centre of the universe that is to say the geocentric view had been held since the time of Aristotle. This idea implies that the world is not the most important thing, just another component in the vast universe; this was the beginning of science opposing religious ideas. Presently there are many challenges to the existence of a creator specifically the Judeo Christian God who is responsible for the account of the creation of the world in Genesis. One of the major arguments against Genesis is Darwin’s theory of evolution. It says that contrary to the story of Genesis, humans evolved from apes and were not made, as we are now, on the 6th day of creation. Christians react very differently to this theory. Some choose to ignore it completely arguing that science can make mistakes and evolution is still only a theory. They might say that if God is all powerful, nothing is impossible and we cannot see the bigger picture. Other Christians present theories such as irreducible complexity and intelligent design; these are usually more liberal Christians. Some might say that the two ideas can be united saying that one asks how while the other, religion, asks why. On the matter of Creation itself there are many controversies. A young earth creationist would believe that the account of Genesis is completely true and that the earth is between 6000 to 10,000 years old. They would dismiss any scientific ideas perhaps saying that they can’t disprove God or maybe choosing to remain ignorant of scientific theories. If a scientist challenged this view using fossils as evidence, a young earth creationist may argue that God had put them there deliberately to test our faith. Some Christians and religious believers would say that we are not supposed to know everything because we wouldn’t understand and its part of God’s plan, they might say that if God had intended us to know then he would have included it in the Bible or the Holy Scripture belonging to the believer. Religious believers that belong to Islam methodically reject Darwin’s theory of evolution and often refuse to discuss it. However Koran has a similar creation story to the Bible and therefore the same problem of days. Many Muslims claim this is figurative and that days is supposed to mean period of time and therefore wriggle out of one of the challenges to their belief. Earlier while talking about evolution intelligent design and irreducible complexity were mentioned. These are popular responses by more liberal Christians to problems created by science. Intelligent design is a modern extension of the teleological argument; it argues that processes such as evolution are best explained by an intelligent cause and not just a random occurrence of mutations. It is therefore quite a popular compromise for Christians, it doesn’t contradict science and seems to unite the two; science is true but God made it happen. Irreducible complexity is an idea by Michael Behe, an American biochemist. He says that certain organisms are irreducibly complex that is to say that if you follow the evolutionary chain back far enough, you come to a point where it cannot be broken down anymore, the whole thing, however simple, has to exist simultaneously. Behe uses the example of a mousetrap saying that without any one part it could not function. Behe is widely criticised and slated by scientist because he is filling gaps in scientific theory with God using little or no concrete evidence, some say he has created a â€Å"God of the gaps.† Some more liberal Christians often present the Yom argument in the discussion of creation. The word day is used in Genesis but it was translated from the Hebrew word â€Å"Yom† which means any period of time from 24 hours to an indefinite span of time. Science clearly says that the entire universe was not made in an earthly week, using Yom as a period of time means that Genesis no longer has to say that the universe was made in a week, more just 6 stages. This can end the conflict of timescale to a certain extent.

Rain forests all the way essays

Rain forests all the way essays The discussions these days are why are the rain forests depleting? Well this research will help change the opinions of many people. Some facts about rain forests are, Tropical rain forests occupy about 7 percent of the earths surface but harbor as much as 50 percent of the worlds plant and animal species. Also about 57 percent of all rain forests remaining are in the tropics in the Western Hemisphere: 30 percent are in Brazil. At the current rate of deforestation, tropical rain forests could be wiped out in 177 years. Less than 5 percent of the worlds tropical rain forests are protected within national parks and reserves (Steve Grant, 2). Rain forests are becoming very scarce and should be taking into concern because depletion of rain forests is a problem. One method of cutting down rain forests is slash-and-burn agriculture. Grant defines slash-and-burn agriculture as Smallholders that are cutting down four or five acres of forest and set it on fire. The resulting ash fertilizes the soils, which are notoriously poor in the tropics (1). Grant explains that now that there is only charred stumps left, a lot of light reaches the ground and is oppressively hot (1). In the past, a logger might take only a few trees per acre. While that would allow more light into the forest floor and raise the risk of fire (Grant, 2). So when people decide to cut down forests they are increasing the risk of fire. Rain forests have been burning up lately. An analysis of satellite by the EDF indicates that burning of rainforest land in Amazon increased 28% from 1996 to 1997 (Amazon rainforest, 1). Research shows A total of 19,115 fires are reported from the NOAA-12 satellite images in the sample in 1996, while 24,549 fires appear in the 1997 data over the period (1). One reason for rampant burning is that Brazils environmental agency has had no l ...

The Matter of Detail in a Descriptive Essay

The Matter of Detail in a Descriptive Essay The Matter of Detail in a Descriptive Essay Descriptive essays are essay writings that tend to create deeply involved and vivid reader’s experience. The best essays of this form achieve this open effect by the use of detailed observations and descriptions and not through facts and statistics. These forms of essays are meant to outline the reality with the help of words. Identifying an Idea and Describing It It is normally important to identify exactly what one wants to describe. In addition, mostly descriptive essays tend to focus on the following elements: Experience A certain place A memory A specific object The ultimate focus of descriptive writing is to give details about above-mentioned topics for the reader to clearly imagine the picture in his/her head. Reasons for Writing a Descriptive Essay First, descriptive essays depict what one observes as its core reason. They are normally based on certain agendas and events. Understanding this helps one to focus on the description and imbue ones language with a particular emotion. While writing a descriptive essay one should show the imagery of an idea without telling it. The following examples give the difference between showing and telling. I got tired of taking banquet. As I rested my head against the pinnacle of the chair, my eyelids started to get heavy, and the ends of the empty plate in front of me was blurred with the white table cloth. The initial sentence tells the reader what you got tired of, which was dinner. The second shows exhaustion. The most efficient descriptive essays are gauged by how they effectively show an action the way it happened. This is because they enable readers and the audience to imagine and experience the act matching the description. What is more, it is normally important to focus on the five senses that are closely connected with the detailed side when writing a captivating essay. These include: Sight Sound Smell Touch Taste When one writes his/her descriptions based on the five senses they provide a clear and precise picture to the readers rather than telling them their intentions and thoughts. Quick Guidelines for Writing a Descriptive Essay Jotting down a descriptive essay can seem like an easy task but it can be quite complicated. So it’s normally important to have a quick checklist of questions to guide you through when arranging, drafting, and modifying your essay work. Preparation of a Descriptive Essay Identify the description you want to give. Enlist your reasons for the description. Decide on areas to implore emphasis on. Draft Your Descriptive Essay Choose the senses and textures that are significant for developing the description. Include details that will enable the readers to have a clear impression of your emotion and point of view during your description. Revise Your Description Essay Check for minor details that might have been left out but are vital. Remove any unnecessary wordings in the essay. Check to see whether each paragraph deals with a distinct aspect of the description. Always revise your choice of words to ensure that they describe your intended emotions. Evaluate whether sufficient detail has been included to enable the readers to get a clear and precise picture of your description. To sum up the guidelines given above, it is necessary to mention the importance of detailed writing in descriptive essays. With the help of a thorough depiction of things, readers have the opportunity to picture them in their minds and that is the main purpose of descriptive writing. At you can buy a descriptive essay online, 100% custom written from scratch by top-rated academic experts. Place your order now!

Public Services Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public Services Management - Essay Example Organisational culture shapes the different procedures within the organisation and serves to either obstruct effective goal attainment and problem-solving or facilitates achievement of objectives (Yilmaz and Ergun 2008). Differences in organisational culture in the public sector versus the private sector are substantial. The public sector is largely characterised by having bureaucratic management systems with a much higher emphasis on establishing control and compliance systems than building flexibility. In the private sector, there is much more emphasis on human relations and human resources, hence employees are engaged and consulted in much higher frequency than in public organisations. This essay describes the disparities between public sector culture and commercial businesses, with an emphasis on bureaucracy, internal talent collaboration, motivational strategy development, and the quality of leader/member exchanges. Research indicates that there are significant differences between private and public sector organisational cultures and, as a result, this disparity creates a variety of negative consequences related to contemporary public service management. Historically, the public sector in the United Kingdom has been dominated with bureaucratic management systems whereby decision-making is highly centralised and there is little to no consultation with employees in the process of solving organisational problems. However, in response to changing external conditions and new privatisation of public services, it was becoming recognised by public sector administrators that there was a need for decentralisation in order to build a more motivated, committed and collaborative team environment. Known as New Public Management, the goal was to improve managerial accountability, break down the hindrances of consensus management, and generally incorporate some of the more effective and foundational management ideologies used in

Working condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Working condition - Essay Example The OSHA has recorded that these issues generally lead to an affect on the soft tissues and the nerves. The seriousness of these issues is very high and a person could also be crippled by this disorder. Thus it could affect the persons personal as well as their professional life to a great extent. Based on these issues and the government have recommended a number of newer rules and regulations for the employee safety and to ensure complete protection for the workers in the meat and poultry industry. This is a very useful decision made by the government and it is high time that serious steps be taken for these employees as the only ones who are affected by the job are the employees themselves. With the high speed of the production lines and the under – reporting of the injuries in this industry, the effort of the employees has been over looked and to a great extent the employees loose out on their compensations and the anti – retaliation laws (FSIS, 2009). With the new laws set down by the government, the employees will be provided with a mode of ensuring their safety and also their health concerns will not be over – looked. It is essential to realize the problems that the employees working in these firms go through on a daily basis and the amount of risk they have to undertake in relation to their health. As mentioned earlier, the employees working in these firms can end up becoming crippled both in terms of work as well as personal lives. Also since the disorders are cumulative, the employees tend to face more issues, if the tasks remain the same. This is because the particular body part of the employee is subjected to pressure and to strain which can cause irreversible damage. These damages can be devastating and to a great extent they can be completely irreversible (FSIS, 2009). As the government is now taking serious steps

Stress in company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stress in company - Essay Example Too often, as noted by Verespej (par. 8-12), executives prefer to ignore stress because acknowledging it might create a negative view of the company. In other cases, CEOs and senior managers simply do not see that a problem exists. If stress is evident, they consider it related to the employee’s personal problems and do not feel responsible for addressing it. A major issue is the stress caused by project deadlines that do not take into consideration unexpected delays and therefore are almost impossible to meet. Employees who are allowed to evaluate a project themselves and set up a plan that takes into consideration possible delays will be able to set their own deadlines, and the project will be accomplished with a minimum of stress. Unfortunately, some managers do not want to give up their autonomy and do not allow the staff to be part of planning a project. Therefore, the staff is presented with a plan in which they have no input and are not able to suggest any changes. The company therefore misses out on any innovative ideas employees might have, and for employees who are imaginative and enthusiastic, their specific talents are suppressed, resulting in stress. Their actions are mechanical rather than creative, and if they are presented with a rigid deadline, they and the project will suffer. At the same time, managers who are expected to fulfill expectations of those above them are put in a precarious and stressful situation. The middleman becomes the scapegoat, and too often takes it out on staff members, leading to increasing frustration and stress at all levels. The ladder of managerial levels in a company tends to start at the bottom and move up, with each level of leadership answerable to the one above it. This discourages open discussion and managers find themselves without the ability to vent their concerns with other managers

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, lower dose was administered in gel dosage form and fewer side effects were observed, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Patients consuming ibuprofen oral suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Introduction Ibuprofen (Figure 1) is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a well known drug that belongs to a class of therapeutic agents known as non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). It possesses antipyretic (fever reducing) and anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation) properties among others (i.e. anti-platelet effect). It is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders including minor aches and discomfort 78. A recent report showed ibuprofen had analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. This was shown by testing analgesic properties of ibuprofen on a mouse writhing and an inflamed rat foot. It showed there was similarity of analgesic activity in both species. However, ibuprofen failed to show analgesic activity in the normal foot of the rat or in the mouse hotplate test. Therefore it was established that ibuprofen is not a central, but a peripheral analgesic 13. Ibuprofen has fewer side effects than any other NSAID; however its anti-inflammatory properties are weaker than others. Doses of 1.6-2.4g are required daily for rheumatoid arthritis. It is unsuitable for conditions where inflammation is prominent such as acute group 8. Ibuprofen was discovered by Dr. Stewart Adams and his team (Figure 2) 3 in the 1950s, at Boots Company. The drug was patented in the 1960s and was initially marketed under the name Brufen. Initially the drug was tested on hangover, but the drug was launched for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in UK (1969) and USA (1974) 3. The mechanism of action of ibuprofen is not completely understood. However, ibuprofen is known to be a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2). COX is an enzyme that is involved in the production prostaglandins 8. Prostaglandins have an important role in the production of pain, inflammation and fever 13. Following administration of ibuprofen, it is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the whole body. The drug is eliminated through the kidneys 14. Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid (Figure 3) 4. It contains a chiral centre (Carbon), therefore is non-superposable on its mirror image 2. This gives rise to enantiomers, resulting in two possible structures of ibuprofen. The importance of enantiomers is that all amino acids (apart from glycine) have a chiral centre. Amino acids are the fundamental blocks of enzymes and proteins in all forms of life including humans. Thus suggesting the human body is controlled by chiral molecules and effectively is a chiral environment. This results in different enantiomers having different effect on the body, including metabolism, toxicity to name a few 1. These enatiomers exist as (S) and (R)-enantiomers (Figure 4) 4. It was found that (S)-ibupofen was the active form in, in vitro and in vivo 2. Ibuprofen began to be marketed as a single enantiomer ((S)-isomer) so the selectivity and potency of ibuprofen could be improved. However, further in vivo testing led to the inactive (R)-ibuprofen to rapidly convert to active (S)-ibuprofen. Therefore the single enantiomer was scrapped and ibuprofen was to be marketed as a racemic mixture (50% of each enantiomers) 2, even now it is the same. Another reason was the likeliness of producing pure (S)-ibuprofen was too expensive on a large scale. The difference between both the enantiomers is the way the atoms are arranged and connected to the chiral centre. In the (S)-isomer the CH3 group is in the back, whereas in the (R)-isomer it is at the front. Since being launched it is widely available all over the world as over the counter (OTC), prescription only medicine (POM) and general sale list (GSL) products. In all countries over the world they are available under different names, formulations, strengths etc. In North America (Canada), ibuprofen is known as Motrin and Advil. In South America (Brazil) it is known as Alivium and Advil 5. Different countries have different guidelines and policies regarding selling and prescribing of ibuprofen. People are not just restricted to pharmacies but they can be obtained in supermarkets, general retailers etc. In many parts of the world including Australia and New Zealand, ibuprofen lysine is licensed for the same treatment as ibuprofen. Ibuprofen lysine is the salt form of ibuprofen and is the cationic form. As ibuprofen lysine has a net positive charge, it is more soluble than ibuprofen allowing the drug to be administered intravenously. This makes ibuprofen lysine to have a greater onset time of action than ibuprofen 15. Since 1977, World Health Organisation (WHO) has been producing a model list of essential medicines. This list is updated every 2 years and is known as List of WHO Essential Medicines. Ibuprofen is the only NSAID present in the list among other classes (opoids, antimetabolites etc) 6. It is classed as a core medicine, which means it is an essential drug for basic healthcare. The drugs listed are the most effective, safe and cost effective medicines for conditions that are a priority. This priority conditions are on the basis of present and future public health relevance. The drugs present on the list are recognised throughout the world. Ibuprofen tablets (200mg and 400mg) are present for the treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Also present is ibuprofen solution, which is used as an injection (5mg/ml). It is used in neonatal care for the treatment of mild to moderate pain 68. Discussion The most important role of a drug delivery system is to get the drug delivered to the site of action in sufficient amount and at the appropriate rate. This can be achieved by a predictable therapeutic response of the drug 11. However it must meet essential requirements, which include physical chemical stability, ability to be economically mass produced in a manner that assures the proper amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is present in each dosage and patient acceptability 9. It can be seen from Table 1 11, different dosage forms have different time of onset of action. Table 1: Shows the variation in time of onset of action for different dosage forms. It can be seen that intravenous injection is the most superior dosage form in terms of time of onset of action, as it takes seconds to produce an effect. Depot injections and implants take days to produce an effect. Tablets are one of the most popular ways of delivering a drug through the oral route. Tablets are solid preparations each containing a single and accurate dose of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (API). They are completed by compressing or compacting uniform volume of particles to a solid dose 10. There are different types of tablets available; they include effervescent/soluble, modified release etc. The aim of the modified release tablet is it enables the biopharmaceutical behaviour of the drug to be controlled. Many tablets are available that have coatings; these include film or sugar coating. All these tablets exist and are formed by the incorporation of different types of excipients 11. They vary in shape, colour, size, design etc 10. Tablets are popular for several reasons including the oral route to be the most safest and convenient route of administration. Compared to other dosage forms such as liquid, they are far superior in terms of chemical and physical stability. The procedure enables accurate and precise dosing of the API 11. These are a few among a large list. Drawbacks include elderly having difficulty swallowing, irritation and harm to the GIT, possibly leading to liver and kidney damage. Examples of ibuprofen tablets include Anadin, Ibuprofen tablets etc. Effervescent formulation is a type of immediate release tablet, as the tablet is dissolved and administered as a solution. This is the most common type of tablet 11. They are used to obtain rapid drug action. Effervescent tablets are placed into a glass of water, where carbon dioxide is liberated. The carbon dioxide is produced by a reaction in the water between a carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid. Once liberated, this helps tablet disintegration and drug dissolution. Then the water with the drug is administered. Effervescent formulations of ibuprofen commonly use a carbonate to assist in the liberation of carbon dioxide, such as Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets 16. Effervescent formulations can be prepared in two ways: direct compaction or compaction through granulation 11. They are produced in the same manner as conventional tablets; however production must occur in low humidity areas 17. Examples of ibuprofen effervescent tablets include Advil, Ibuprofen losan effervescent tablet etc. Gel is a semi-solid, topical formulation. It is formed by aggregation of particles and interpenetrated by a liquid. The particles are linked together forming a network thus imparting rigidity to the structure. The continuous phase is held together by meshes 11. Gels tend to be epicutaneous, it is directly applied to the skin, and works by diffusing through the skin. There is a liquid phase that may be retained within a three dimensional polymer matrix. Drugs can be suspended in the matrix or dissolved in the liquid phase. They tend to be aqueous gels that is applied to the body surfaces such as skin or used as lubricant. A few advantages of gels include it avoids drug absorption in the gastrointestinal, therefore reducing side effects. It avoids first pass metabolism suggesting more drug is present in the systematic circulation. They are cheap to manufacture and have a localised effect, hence greater pain relief 12. Examples of ibuprofen gels include Ibuleve, Ibugel etc. A suspension is a coarse dispersion of sparingly soluble or insoluble drugs dispersed in a liquid medium; oily or aqueous vehicle. The aqueous solution is a beneficial formulation as it provides administration of poorly soluble or insoluble drug. As the drug is dispersed, it provides a large surface area which ensures high bioavailability for dissolution thus absorption 11. Aqueous suspensions can be used for oral, topical, ophthalmic and parenteral administration of drugs. The rheological properties are affected by the degree of flocculation. This is because the quantity of free continuous phase is decreased as it is entrapped in the diffused follicles 11. From Figure 5 9, the process involved in the formation of suspensions can be seen. The flocculated state (C) can be reached directly or indirectly. The direct method includes wetting and dispersing of hydrophobic particles (A) with a surfactant. The indirect approach includes first wetting and dispersing to form a peptized particle (B) with a surfactant, and then flocculating with a hydrophillic colloid. Flocculated suspensions (C) are considered stable, compared to peptized particles, and they can be re-suspended through agitation. Over-flocculation can be caused through high amount of flocculating agent, which tends to cause agglomeration (E). If the protective colloid agent is not present, the process of crystal growth is indicated by the arrow connecting (A) to (D) 9. Examples of ibuprofen suspensions include Nurofen, Calprofen etc. Chewable tablets, as the name suggests is placed in the mouth and chewed. Thus the tablet is mechanically disintegrated in the mouth. However, the drug is dissolved in the stomach or intestine once swallowed and not in the mouth. This formulation is intended so the drug is immediately released, just like effervescent tablets 11. They also have similar composition to conventional tablets, apart from disintegrant is not present. This formulation can be useful as many patients (e.g. elderly) have difficulties swallowing tablets, therefore this can be an alternative dosage form. It can also be administered without the aid of water. It also complies with patient compliance. Examples of ibuprofen chewable tablets include Motrin, Advil etc. Comparison of conventional tablet and effervescent formulation In a report comparing the antinociceptive effect of both conventional and effervescent tablets, it was discovered that the mean plasma concentration of ibuprofen effervescent formulation was far greater than the conventional tablet 60 minutes after intake. This showed that more API (ibuprofen) is present in the blood, thus more drug is being absorbed by the body in the effervescent formulation than in the conventional tablet. This showed that the effervescent formulation produced a faster pain relief as it had a faster onset of action. The effervescent dosage form also appears to have a more consistent effect on intensity estimates of painful stimuli than tablets 18. The chemo-somatosensory event related potentials were also investigated and it was concluded that after 60 minutes of administration of the ibuprofen tablet, there was a decrease of 20-25% in bioavailability. As there was a large drop (a quarter of the bioavailability), it shows there is 20-25% less ibuprofen present in the blood thus less API is being absorbed. This means a higher dose of ibuprofen tablet (20-25%) is required to have the same effect as initially thought 18. The effervescent formulation is far more effective in terms of chemo-somatosensory. This is because greater amount of carbonate is present; therefore after dissolution a buffered solution is attained. This increases the pH of the stomach resulting in the emptying of the stomach at a rapid rate and the residence time of ibuprofen in the stomach is short. This ensures that ibuprofen-induced gastric irritation and other side effects can be avoided 11. Ibuprofen effervescent tablet is readily absorbed in the small intestine; ensuring fast drug bioavailability 11. In another report, Lange and Schettler showed that effervescent formulations of ibuprofen produced a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) than the conventional tablet in a shorter duration. The same as the previous report 19. In respect to antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory activity, the effervescent formulation is superior to the conventional tablet. To consume the ibuprofen tablet you require water to administer it. While with the ibuprofen effervescent formulation it requires water so the tablet can disintegrate. Effervescent formulations also have to be manufactured at a low humidity area compared to the conventional tablets. This is to avoid moisture content, light and oxygen and this procedure is more costly than the conventional tablet. Effervescent tablets also have to be packaged in waterproof containers which have aluminium foil present which ensures protection, otherwise in ambient conditions it would degrade and reduce the shelf-life 11. If the shelf-life is reduced this would increase the cost, as more effervescent tablets would have to be manufactured over the same duration. An example of an effervescent tablet is Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets (Figure 6) 20 and a conventional tablet is Nurofen Tablets (Figure 7) 21. Figure 6: Shows Anadin Effervescent Tablets Figure 7: Shows Nurofen Tablets Comparison of conventional tablet and a topical gel There was a report comparing the oral (tablet) and topical (gel) ibuprofen for chronic knee pain. Ibuprofen tablets were taken 3 times daily (2400mg total) and the ibuprofen gel 4% was applied 4 times daily (320mg total) over a duration of 2 weeks 22. The aim was to compare the efficacy of both formulations in chronic knee pain. Both the treatment groups were comparable in terms of baseline pain severity and demographic composition, this ensured a fair test. When the patients took their respective ibuprofen medications, they reported side effects. With the administration of the tablets, 7 patients (out of 10) reported side effects which included headache, stomach-ache and constipation. For the application of the gel, 2 patients (out of 9) suffered a side effect which included an acute skin rash and dizziness. This implies that over two-thirds of the patients taking the oral formulation reported a side effect, and for the topical formulation less than third reported a side effect. As a result there were fewer side effects associated with the topical formulation compared to the oral formulation 22. In both treatments, the patients experienced consistent relief and improvements in terms of pain and stiffness. There was no distinguishable difference between both groups in term of improvements. Both the treatment groups were similar and no group was better than the other. However, the oral group ranked their treatment more convenient as it met patient adherence. Comparing the physical function and relief of pain and stiffness, it shows the oral ibuprofen treatment saw notable improvements. In the topical ibuprofen treatment there were significant improvements over the two week duration. However for the oral treatment there was a decline in the improvement of the drug in the second week. Also in the topical treatment, the patients encountered within-group improvements which led to the assumption that it was due to the potential benefits of massaging. The topical ibuprofen was applied to the skin therefore there was less amount of drug was present in the blood compared to ibuprofen tablets. This avoided both the systemic side effects and adverse drug interactions (e.g. aspirin), unlike the oral ibuprofen 22. The total daily dose of the topical ibuprofen was 320mg, which is a small fraction compared to the oral ibuprofen (2400mg). However, similar clinical outcomes were produced using both treatments. Another report concluded a study where the patients were receiving equivalent doses of oral and topical formulations. During the topical application greater concentrations of ibuprofen were found in the subcutaneous tissue, which led to the assumption as more ibuprofen is present in the tissue; it is able to provide greater pain relief 23. In terms of physical function, pain and stiffness relief, the topical formulation is superior to the oral formulation. An advantage of topical ibuprofen over ibuprofen tablets is first pass metabolism is bypassed therefore it avoids risks and unwanted effects. Topical ibuprofen is a transdermal delivery system, which is more efficient than the oral delivery due to having an effect at a localised level. Comparison of conventional tablet, chewable tablet and suspension There was a report comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen tablets, ibuprofen chewable tablets (Motrin chewable tablets) and ibuprofen suspension (Motrin suspension) on patients with cystic fibrosis. This study is limited as the number of patients taking each formulation is different; suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) and tablet (n=12). , nor is the strength or concentration given for any of the formulations. However patients took a dose of approximately 20mg/kg. The time to reach the peak concentration (Tmax) was compared for all formulations and it was concluded that the ibuprofen suspension had a shorter Tmax than the ibuprofen tablet, which was expected when liquid forms are compared with solid dosage forms. But with the ibuprofen chewable tablet there was no statistical difference from either the tablet or suspension. This was not expected as it was predicted the chewable tablet would have a greater Tmax to suspension but less than that of tablets. This is because chewing the chewable tablet produces small particles hence larger surface area, which should increase the dissolution of the drug 24. As the Tmax for suspension was shorter than the tablet it can be concluded more drug was present in the body at a quicker rate, hence more drug would be absorbed thus causing faster pain relief. From Figure 8 24 and Table 2 24, it can be concluded that 15 of the patients taking the suspension formulation were present in the desired range of peak concentration (therapeutic range), and this was achieved at a quicker rate of ~0.5 hours compared to the other formulations. For the chewable tablet it can be seen that 2 of the patients consuming it were in the therapeutic range, however it took patients to reach this level between ~1.0-2.0 hours. For the patients who consumed the tablet, 8 patients were in the therapeutic range. However it took between ~0.75-2.0 hours to reach to this level. There was also one anomaly present In the suspension group 5 patients, and 2 patients from the tablet groups exceeded the therapeutic range (>100mg L-1), therefore they are more prone to experience side effects. None of the patients who consumed chewable tablets exceeded the therapeutic range. For all formulations, 2 patients were below the therapeutic range ( It can be concluded statistically tablets were superior in terms of achieving the desired range of peak concentration compared to other formulations. But statistically suspensions were superior in terms of the time taken to reach the therapeutic range compared to both formulations. Figure 8: Shows the relationship between Cmax versus Tmax for suspension, chewable tablet and tablet groups. The plotted points represent blood sampling times when peak ibuprofen concentrations occured. The horizontal dashed lines show the therapeutic range. Table 2: Shows the comparison of Cmax among suspension, chewable tablets and tablet groups. From Figure 9 24, it can be seen patients taking the suspension reached max plasma concentration and at a quicker duration compared to other formulations. It took 0.5 hours to reach a plasma concentration of 70mg L-1, while tablets took 1.0 hour to reach a plasma concentration of 60 mg L-1. The chewable tablet took 1 hour to reach 50mg L-1 (Cmin). Also for the suspension, between 0.5-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. For the tablet, the period between 0.75-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. It took the chewable tablets 1 hour before it reached the therapeutic range, before and after this period it had little effect. As the time reaches 6 hours, the suspension had the lowest plasma concentration, while the tablet had the highest concentration. However it was below the therapeutic range therefore at this point all formulations have no effect 24. It can be concluded ibuprofen suspension is the superior formulation in terms of pain relieving as it reached the highest plasma concentration at a quicker duration, and was in the therapeutic range for the longest period. It is closer to Cmax at 70 mg L-1, while the other formulations were below this. Due to these factors it can be seen that the suspension has greater amount of ibuprofen present in the blood, hence more drug is going to be absorbed in the body. Figure 9: Shows the plasma concentration-time curve (meanSEM) for children with cystic fibrosis who received a dose of 20mg/kg ibuprofen suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) or tablets (n=12). The SEM bars are not included for chewable tablet group. Conclusion Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid, and is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID), possessing properties such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti inflammatory. It is commonly used in the treatment of pain and rheumatoid arthritis among others. It is the only drug from its therapeutic class present on the List of World Health Organisation Essential Medicines. This list represents the minimum medicine required for a basic healthcare system. It includes drugs that are efficacious, safe and cost effective for conditions that are a priority. These conditions are selected on the foundation of current and future public health relevance. In terms of pain relief, antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory effect, ibuprofen effervescent tablets are far superior to ibuprofen tablets. They caused faster pain relief at a quicker rate. Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, the dose administered in the gel dosage form was four times less than that of the ibuprofen tablet. Fewer side effects were observed as it avoided gastric irritation, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Ibuprofen tablet caused gastric irritation, which can possibly lead to liver and kidney damage. Patients consuming ibuprofen suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Ibuprofen chewable tablets reached a maximum concentration of 50mgL-1, so it just reached the base of the therapeutic effect, which suggests it has poor efficacy.